What medication is associated with an increased risk of intellectual disability if taken during pregnancy?

Valproate is associated with an increased risk of intellectual disability when taken during pregnancy. This risk stems from the medication's mechanism of action and its effects on fetal development. Valproate is an anticonvulsant used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder, and it has been shown to have teratogenic effects on the developing fetal brain. Research indicates that children exposed to valproate in utero have a higher likelihood of developing developmental disorders, including cognitive impairments, learning disabilities, and specifically intellectual disabilities.

Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that the risk is dose-dependent, meaning higher doses of valproate correlate with a greater risk of adverse developmental outcomes. This awareness is critical for healthcare providers when managing pregnant patients who require treatment for conditions traditionally managed with valproate, highlighting the need for careful risk-benefit analysis and consideration of alternative therapies to minimize potential harm to the developing fetus.

Other medications listed may have some risks associated with their use during pregnancy as well, but valproate is particularly noted for its strong association with intellectual disability.