Which condition is characterized by a painful, swollen ovary, typically due to a cyst?

Ovarian torsion is characterized by a painful, swollen ovary typically due to the twisting of the ovary on its supporting ligaments, which compromises its blood supply. This condition can occur when an ovarian cyst causes the ovary to become enlarged and increases its mobility. When torsion occurs, it leads to acute abdominal or pelvic pain, and the affected ovary often appears swollen and tender. Prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention are critical to prevent loss of the ovary.

Other conditions mentioned have distinct characteristics. Polycystic ovary syndrome is a hormonal disorder rather than an acute condition and does not typically present with acute pain or a swollen ovary in the same way. Endometriosis involves the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus and can cause pain, but it does not specifically cause an ovary to be acutely swollen due to torsion. Fibroids, or uterine leiomyomas, are usually associated with uterine enlargement and do not cause acute ovarian pain or swelling. Understanding these differences highlights why ovarian torsion is the primary condition associated with a painful, swollen ovary due to a cyst.