Which of the following is included in the diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age and is characterized by a variety of signs and symptoms. Among the diagnostic criteria for PCOS, hyperandrogenism is key. This condition refers to the elevated levels of androgens, which are often manifested through clinical signs such as hirsutism (excess hair growth) and acne, or through biochemical markers indicating increased free testosterone levels.

The presence of hyperandrogenism is one of the three main criteria used to diagnose PCOS, alongside oligo- or anovulation and the presence of polycystic ovaries on ultrasound. Therefore, recognizing hyperandrogenism is crucial because it underpins many of the symptoms associated with the syndrome.

While elevated prolactin levels, menorrhagia, and endometrial hyperplasia can be seen in various hormonal disorders or women with different gynecological issues, they are not part of the defining criteria for diagnosing PCOS. Elevated prolactin levels are more associated with conditions like prolactinomas. Menorrhagia pertains to heavy menstrual bleeding, which is a symptom rather than a criteria. Similarly, endometrial hyperplasia can occur due to unopposed estrogen